Managing Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Decision Making - Assignment Example    Literature Review & Summary of Research Findings- Simon's Model of Decision According to classical decision making theory, individuals need to gather information regarding the emergent issue, then search for plausible alternativeness which can be used in order to address the issue and then select the most optimal alternatives (Bechara and Damasio, 2005). But, Simon (1979) criticized the classical decision making approach by stating that model doesn’t correspond with real world decision dilemmas. One needs to understand the key steps in Simon’s decision making model in order to criticize or appreciate it in context to research works of different research scholars. Bechara and Damasio (2005) stated that there are three phases in Simon’s decision making model such as, 1- intelligence phase, 2- design phase and 3- choice. Intelligence Phase- in the intelligence phase, individuals formulate the problem or decision statement by comparing the current process status with historical data or reference points. In this phase, individuals gather information from external environment without knowing exact outcome of such information crunching. Design Phase- in this phase, individuals try to formulate the probable alternatives to address the decision statement by considering the gathered information from macro environment. Decision makers need to analyze the information collected from external environment in order to generate alternative approach to the problem statement. Choice- in this phase, individuals select the most feasible alternative in order to address the decision problem or take decision. Important thing to remember that, the most potential alternative to the decision problem might not be the most feasible one hence decision makers must take care while selecting potential choice. There is no doubt that Simon’s decision model is based on the concept of bounded rationality. Simon (1979) pointed out that rational decision making becom es difficult due to various reasons such as lack of knowledge about all the alternatives, uncertain events, inability to calculate consequences, lack of knowledge about the consequence of particular decision, human behavioural limits etc. Due to such shortcomings, rationality of any decision making is subjected to be bounded hence a decision cannot be optimized. Sent (2005) supported the bounded rationality model of Simon and stated that although rationality might be the goal for decision making but ability of the decision maker is limited due to cognitive (such as personal values, lack of computational ability, reflexes and lack of knowledge) as well as exogenous factors (uncertainty regarding the outcome of decision). DellaVigna (2009) stated that the concept of bounded rationality is very much pertinent in context to modern day business problems while Bromiley (2005) appreciated decision making model of Simon for its usability in investment decision making and behavioral economic s. However, there are other group of research scholars such as Campitelli and Gobet (2010) and Levinthal (2011) who criticized Simon’s decision making model for lacking in depth. Levinthal (2011) stated that decision makers need to create representation in explicit or implicit manner while making deductive reason

Dental Amalgam and the Risks Essay Example for Free

Dental Amalgam and the Risks Essay What is amalgam? Amalgam is a combination of metals that has been used in dentistry for more than 100 years. It is still commonly used today. Although it sometimes is called silver amalgam, amalgam actually consists of a combination of metals. These include silver, mercury, tin and copper. Small amounts of zinc, indium or palladium also may be used. How safe is amalgam? Many studies on the safety of amalgam fillings have been done. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated this research. It found no reason to limit the use of amalgam. The FDA concluded that amalgam fillings are safe for adults and children ages 6 and above. Why is mercury used in amalgam? Mercury is used in amalgam because it helps make the filling material pliable. When it is mixed with an alloy powder, it creates a compound that is soft enough to mix and press into the tooth. But it also hardens quickly and can withstand the forces of biting and chewing. Why the concern about mercury in amalgam? Everyone is exposed to mercury through air, drinking water, soil and food. Concerns have been raised, for instance, about the amount of mercury building up in fish as a result of pollution. Mercury enters the air from industries that burn mercury-containing fuels. Mercury from all sources can build up in body organs. As with most substances, the degree of harm caused by mercury in the body is related to the amount. Very low levels dont cause any ill effects. At higher levels — for instance, when workers are exposed to mercury through their jobs — mercury can cause several symptoms. These include anxiety, irritability, memory loss, headaches and fatigue. Studies have shown that the amount of mercury you are exposed to from your fillings is less than the amount that most people are exposed to in their daily environment or in the food they eat. Do some people have reactions to amalgam? In rare cases, people have allergic reactions to the mercury in amalgam. The American Dental Association says that fewer than 100 cases of this type of allergy have ever been reported. People allergic to amalgam can receive other filling materials. Should pregnant women be concerned about amalgam feelings? Research has not shown any health effects from amalgam fillings in pregnant women. However, mercury can cross the placenta. In general, dentists advise pregnant women to avoid unnecessary dental care. Women should not get amalgam fillings during pregnancy. Dentists can suggest other materials for any pregnant woman who needs a cavity filled. If amalgam is safe, why does my dentist take precautions when handling it? Because dentists work with mercury almost every day, they must take safety precautions. Without protection, dentists can inhale mercury vapors. Over time, this exposure can produce symptoms of mercury toxicity. How is dental amalgam made? To make dental amalgam, dentists mix liquid mercury with a powder containing silver, tin and other metals. Dentists buy special capsules that contain the powder and the liquid mercury, separated by a membrane. They use special machinery to puncture the membrane and mix the amalgam while it is still in the capsule. Once mixing is complete, the capsule is opened. By the time the amalgam is placed in your tooth, the mercury has formed a compound with the other metals. It is no longer toxic.

The Ape-Like Mr. Hyde in Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

The Ape-Like Mr. Hyde in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde   Ã‚   Throughout The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Henry Jekyll underwent periods of transformation, transcendence and transgression. During these periods where Dr. Jekyll was Mr. Hyde, Hyde had an impact on several of the characters' lives inhabiting Stevenson's tale. In imagining Hyde, readers are struck by a great sense of who Hyde is with surprisingly little in the way of physical description. We are reminded of the dwarf-like stature and the impression of deformity Hyde leaves upon his onlookers. We are given few other clues, but one trait of Hyde's is almost a certainty-- Hyde possesses simian characteristics.    After Utterson hears Enfeild's story of Mr. Hyde running over a child like a "Juggernaut," Utterson decides to stalk Mr. Hyde (Stevenson 3). After running into Mr. Hyde, Utterson is struck that "the man seems hardly human!/Something troglodytic" (Stevenson 10). According to the American Heritage Dictionary, troglodytic can be interpreted as "a member of a fabulous or prehistoric race of people ...

Shinsei Case Study

Shinsei Bank Case Shinsei bank has a rich history in terms of influence over the Japanese banking sector. Of all the defining moments, there are a few moments that reflect the culture shift of Shinsei bank from the more traditional Japanese approach to the more Western business model. These moments include the denial by Shinsei to forgive 97 billion Yen in debt owed by Sogo, the creation of the Shinsei Securities operations and the institutional banking department, being listed on the Tokyo Stock exchange and the hiring of Tom Pedersen as the Chief Learning Officer All the above moments are important because all reflect the shift from tradition and probably may account for the current lack of culture or rift between the traditional Japanese employees and the foreign employees of Shinsei. Traditional Japanese banks were expected to view profits as long term and were expected to be more socialist in terms of sharing the burden with society. By rejecting the request of Sogo to forgive its debt, Shinsei set the tone that its main responsibility is not to society but to earn a profit for its shareholders. This aspect was strengthened by the creating of the Securities Operations and the Institutional banking department. As the case pointed out, these positions were filled by foreigners who had experience in creating profits. In turn, these employees were mostly paid on commissions, which exacerbated their risk taking for short-term profits, which is inconsistent with the views of the traditional Japanese employee. In addition, by being listed on the stock exchange marked a milestone for the company because now its focus was completely shifted to earning profits and doing whatever was necessary to earn profits. All the above changes led to a culture rift between the traditional Japanese employees and foreign workers. As the case pointed, this rift or lack of culture was noted by Porte. Understanding the seriousness of the problem, Porte hired Tom Pedersen to become the Chief Learning Office and assigned him with the responsibility of unifying the corporate culture with one mission for all employees. Although I agree with the use of â€Å"pay for performance† in theory, I do not agree with the two-tier system as implemented by Shinsei. At Shinsei, it seemed that the two tiered system led to resentment. As one employee put it â€Å"Frankly, for much of the first year the atmosphere in the bank was like civil war†¦Everyone was fighting everyone else. † The problem with pay for performance systems is that detracts from team work as motivation for self reward goes against the idea of helping colleagues. On the other hand, pay based on the organization profitability leads to star performers being underpaid as well as social loafing. In order to effectively implement a pay for performance system, an organization must be careful to avoid the negative side effects. What was the aim of the values and vision exercise? How successful was it? The main purpose of the vision and values exercise was to formalize and align the current values that were present within the organization. By doing this, Pedersen hoped to align the values to the banks strategic plans. I think Pedersen has done a great job so far in trying to bridge the gap between the employees and trying to promote an organizational culture based on a common mission. His vision and values exercise was successful. In addition, he adopted a new â€Å"360 Performance Evaluation† system for senior executives and coaching session for evaluators so the evaluations were not inflated. By doing this, Pedersen was showing that there was more emphasis on those who could follow the values of the organization, rather than just on those that produced revenues. This showed great progress to the creation of a unified corporate culture. The primary role of a Chief Learning Officer is to work with HR and other corporate functions to create a learning environment to follow the vision of the organization. This can include creating centralized training programs, performance evaluation programs, and other programs to develop employees internally. I think the performance evaluation program should be expanded, but not at the current time. Since this has been in operations for only a year, the firm should closely evaluate the response of this program, adjust and incorporate other metrics (which are more applicable to day-to-day employees). In addition, I agree with Luton that the results of the performance evaluation should be communicated to the one being evaluated. It is very important to communicate the findings of an evaluation to the employee and get their feedback on the process. An employee needs to know where their performance stands versus expected performance and the steps they can take to improve the performance. This can empower the employee as its shift responsibility to the employee. Generally speaking, the decision to expand or eliminate a new initiative should be based on the results obtained from the initiative versus expected results. In addition, a new initiative should be judged as to how well it fits within the organizations missions. There are numerous ways to assess the effectiveness of an initiative such as conducting employee surveys, benchmark studies, and soliciting feedback from middle and upper management. In order to further improve collaboration, Pedersen should implement a training program which includes specific learning principles. The main purpose of the training program should be to increase employee knowledge and skills. In order for a training program to be effective, the employees must know the objective of the training program. Employees should know exactly why they are participating in the training in the first place. The specific purpose and objective must also be communicated. Second, the training content should be meaningful which means the concepts and examples should be familiar to the trainees. In addition, the employees should be given an opportunity to practice the principals they learned and then they should be given feedback about how well they are meeting the training objective. By incorporating the above steps in a training program, an organization can break down divisional barriers and foster a firm wide learning organization. What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats the company will encounter? Strengths One strength of the company as a whole is the diversity of the workforce. Although majority of the workers are Japanese, the composition of the workforce includes people from all over the globe, including ex-workers of LTCB. This is important because if the company were to effectively manage the diversity, it can tap into the various specialized knowledge as well as the culture knowledge of current Japanese workers. Weaknesses Currently, the lack of communication between employees is the biggest obstacle to change. In addition, the two-tier pay system appears to be a great cause of resentment. In order for the company to be competitive, Shinsei needs to effectively manage this divide. Opportunities Currently, Shinsei has a diverse workforce with knowledge in various sectors of the banking industry. By developing and strengthening an organizational culture in which all share the same mission, the company can become very competitive Threats One threat to Shinsei is the current structure of its revenue. As non-interest revenues are growing, Shinsei needs to figure out a way to attract retail business. The only way to do this is by creating an unified culture and tapping into the talent and skills of the current employees. Without this, Shinsei will cease to grow and will eventually become obsolete. What are the ethical underpinnings of the case? Use Schumann’s ethical framework. Consider how these decisions impact on the stakeholders? The ethical issues in this case are that Shinsei needs to develop an organization culture by managing employee performance and pay. Currently, the two tier pay system is not working as some employees feel they are unfairly treated. However, I think in this case, the firm will not be able to fairly treat all employees. This is not to say that the action will be unethical or illegal. This just means that not all employees will feel the same towards any decision made by the firm. As such, the decision that leads to the most good should be employed. Whatever the decision, the decision will affectshareholders of the company, the employees, their families and even society itself. For example, if a company does not change the pay system or implements a performance system that is not fair, talented employees may leave. This can lead to loss of revenue and ultimately affect the bottom line of the shareholders. With loss of revenue, the company may be forced to downsize which can affect current employees and even society. As such, any decision made by the firm will have a great impact on the stakeholders. In the end, the organization needs to make the right decision that will have the most good for the largest amount of people.

Asthma

I'm talking about asthma. A disease that the Department of Health and Human Services has defined as a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Speaker Credibility: I have suffered from asthma. Through the years it has slowly subsided but I remember having to carry my inhaler with me everywhere I went. I also remember nights when I couldn't sleep because I would have coughing fits and I could feel my chest tightening, making it harder for me to breathe. Preview: Tonight I want to inform you about asthma.First, I'll talk about the symptoms of asthma. Second, I'll tell you about some of the causes and lastly, I'll share some of the treatments. Transition: Lets start by talking about some of the symptoms of asthma. Body dJakfJkJdslJfslkJdfl Asthma can be easily triggered by many things. One persons triggers can be very different foreshore of someone else with asthma. According to the American Lung Oscillation there are four main causes which include; genetics, allergie s, respiratory Infection or bad weather such as high humidity, or cold and dry air.About 80% of people with asthma have allergies to learnable substances Like grass, mold or dust. Transitions: The violence of all possible asthma triggers can be difficult and even If an asthmatic sermon Is able to tolerate one trigger, encountering a combination of them can have an asthmatic suddenly slang for air. That's why treatment and prevention are so Important to keep asthma under control. The most used treatment for asthma are Inhaled medication. Unfortunately there Is no definite cure for It.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most effective treatments for asthma Is the Inhalation of corticosteroids, which are Inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine Is for a long term relief and can also be taken as a pill form If asthma Is very protestant. It helps reduce the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain Inhaled subs tances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting Inhaled beta agonies for a quick relief. This Inhaler helps relax tight muscles around your airway to let alarm flow more easily. Asthma By narcissistically According to the American Lung Associating there are four main causes which include; genetics, allergies, respiratory infection or bad weather such as high airborne substances like grass, mold or dust. Transitions: The avoidance of all possible asthma triggers can be difficult and even if an asthmatic sermon is able to suddenly gassing for air. That's why treatment and prevention are so important to The most used treatment for asthma are inhaled medication. Unfortunately there is no definite cure for it.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most effective treatments for asthma is the inhalation of corticosteroids, which are inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine is for a long term relief and can also be ta ken as a pill form if asthma is very persistent. It helps reduce the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting inhaled beta agonies for a quick relief. This inhaler helps relax tight muscles around your airway to let air flow more easily. Asthma I'm talking about asthma. A disease that the Department of Health and Human Services has defined as a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Speaker Credibility: I have suffered from asthma. Through the years it has slowly subsided but I remember having to carry my inhaler with me everywhere I went. I also remember nights when I couldn't sleep because I would have coughing fits and I could feel my chest tightening, making it harder for me to breathe. Preview: Tonight I want to inform you about asthma.First, I'll talk about the symptoms of asthma. Second, I'll tell you about some of the causes and lastly, I'll share some of the treatments. Transition: Lets start by talking about some of the symptoms of asthma. Body dJakfJkJdslJfslkJdfl Asthma can be easily triggered by many things. One persons triggers can be very different foreshore of someone else with asthma. According to the American Lung Oscillation there are four main causes which include; genetics, allergie s, respiratory Infection or bad weather such as high humidity, or cold and dry air.About 80% of people with asthma have allergies to learnable substances Like grass, mold or dust. Transitions: The violence of all possible asthma triggers can be difficult and even If an asthmatic sermon Is able to tolerate one trigger, encountering a combination of them can have an asthmatic suddenly slang for air. That's why treatment and prevention are so Important to keep asthma under control. The most used treatment for asthma are Inhaled medication. Unfortunately there Is no definite cure for It.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most effective treatments for asthma Is the Inhalation of corticosteroids, which are Inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine Is for a long term relief and can also be taken as a pill form If asthma Is very protestant. It helps reduce the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain Inhaled subs tances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting Inhaled beta agonies for a quick relief. This Inhaler helps relax tight muscles around your airway to let alarm flow more easily. Asthma By narcissistically According to the American Lung Associating there are four main causes which include; genetics, allergies, respiratory infection or bad weather such as high airborne substances like grass, mold or dust. Transitions: The avoidance of all possible asthma triggers can be difficult and even if an asthmatic sermon is able to suddenly gassing for air. That's why treatment and prevention are so important to The most used treatment for asthma are inhaled medication. Unfortunately there is no definite cure for it.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most effective treatments for asthma is the inhalation of corticosteroids, which are inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine is for a long term relief and can also be ta ken as a pill form if asthma is very persistent. It helps reduce the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting inhaled beta agonies for a quick relief. This inhaler helps relax tight muscles around your airway to let air flow more easily.

Free Essays on Oranges By Gary Soto

that catch the reader’s attention. This poem is just right. â€Å"Oranges† is about a young boy’s first walk with a girl. This poem shows how the simplest things in life may have the most tremendous impact on a person. This poem opens with a delicate flourish of description and detail and ends the same. Soto not only uses detail to describe the occasion, but also describes the weather. He describes the weather as, â€Å"cold, and weighted down (3).† Describing the weather that way creates powerful imagery. This eludes the reader to sympathize with the boy. It is cold outside but yet he is taking a girl out for a walk. This reminds the reader of the fragile nature of innocence of and youth. What grown man would walk with a woman when it’s cold and windy outside? Yet the young and idealistic boy sets out to try and impress his sweetheart on this seemingly inappropriate day. The sweet sincerity of this moment is not and cannot be lost on the audience. The poem continues with telling the reader that the boy has two oranges and a nickel in his jacket. Looking back, the reader questions the presence of the two oranges. Why on earth would a boy carry around two oranges? The answer to t his is found later on in the poem/story. He picks up the girl at her house, which he also describes as â€Å"the one whose/porch light burned yellow (10-11).† Little details about ... Free Essays on Oranges By Gary Soto Free Essays on Oranges By Gary Soto After reading â€Å"Oranges,† a poem by Gary Soto, the only words that run through my head are â€Å"how cute.† This poem is something a girl would call â€Å"the perfect date.† There are many details throughout this poem, which aid in keeping the reader intrigued. Detail can be a powerful tool for a poet, nonetheless any writer. Too much detail overwhelms the main idea, and too little makes the piece of work dry and bland. One can describe events in a simplistic style, without any figurative language or writing devices, or one can choose to fill their work with fancy words that catch the reader’s attention. This poem is just right. â€Å"Oranges† is about a young boy’s first walk with a girl. This poem shows how the simplest things in life may have the most tremendous impact on a person. This poem opens with a delicate flourish of description and detail and ends the same. Soto not only uses detail to describe the occasion, but also describes the weather. He describes the weather as, â€Å"cold, and weighted down (3).† Describing the weather that way creates powerful imagery. This eludes the reader to sympathize with the boy. It is cold outside but yet he is taking a girl out for a walk. This reminds the reader of the fragile nature of innocence of and youth. What grown man would walk with a woman when it’s cold and windy outside? Yet the young and idealistic boy sets out to try and impress his sweetheart on this seemingly inappropriate day. The sweet sincerity of this moment is not and cannot be lost on the audience. The poem continues with telling the reader that the boy has two oranges and a nickel in his jacket. Looking back, the reader questions the presence of the two oranges. Why on earth would a boy carry around two oranges? The answer to t his is found later on in the poem/story. He picks up the girl at her house, which he also describes as â€Å"the one whose/porch light burned yellow (10-11).† Little details about ...

Health Care Unitization Essay Example

Health Care Unitization Essay Example Health Care Unitization Paper Health Care Unitization Paper 1Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform Health Care Unitization Paper Health Care Reform By: Sara Robinson University of Phoenix HCS/235 Instructor: Glorinda Pastorius 2Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform The new health care reform has brought up many questions and concerns among the American people. The health care reform was signed into act 2010 by president Obama. The health care act was put into place because of the ongoing health care crisis in the United States. Later the health care reform act was updated and the new laws were put into place in January of 2014. In this paper I plan to address issues on the new healthcare reform act. Addressing weather the reform act has expanded or inhibited access to health care. How the changes have influenced utilization of care. Give an explanation of what Universal healthcare, if it reflects the healthcare reform and who the stakeholders are in universal healthcare. In this paper I will also discuss the emerging roles in the health care industry. The Healthcare reform act was put into place by President Obama; this law expanded affordable health insurance to millions of he underinsured and uninsured. The positive effects that the healthcare reform are, allowing young adults under the age of 26 to be able to say on their parents/gardens insurance plans, this assists 6. 6 million young adults who are not able to afford insurance. (Consumer Reports, 2013) The Medicare expansion widens the range of coverage to lower income and immigrants that have been in the United States for 5 or more years. (Washington State Health Authratiy, 2014) The healthcare income subsides for lower income individuals and families; this is a tax credit that can assist with the cost of purchasing health insurance. With the new law people can no longer be denied coverage due to preexisting conditions or health, sex or race. (Consumer Reports, 2013) The new law also prohibits the insurance companies form having a lifetime cap on policies that have exceeded the amount the insurance companies want to pay. (Washington State Health Authratiy, 2014) What denial of insurance did to the preexisting conditions and people who had reached their limits was denying 3Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform the people who needed insurance the most. The debate on whether the new reform is going to be  successful, there are still issues that are holding the middle lower class form abating regular healthcare. One of those issues are the fact that even with the tax credit and lower monthly cost of premiums the high deductible and cost of regular medical care is a deterrent for struggling lower income Americans. The concern is the out of pocket expenses will reflect on a lower incomes person’s ability to receive quality care. (Nunley Fellows, 2008) The smaller companies and businesses are also faced with the choice of lowering the monthly cost and opting for a higher deductible insurance plan. The higher deductible plans means more out of pocket spending, which some incomes cannot afford. (Nunley Fellows, 2008) This means the insurance companies and Medicare will be more focus on reducing the health care cost and spending. The health care reform has influenced the utilization of care by giving greater access to affordable preventive care, lower drug and prescription costs, and better coverage for chronic illness. (AB, et al. , 2003). The number of people that reach out to outpatient facilities has increased by 29% over that past decade; (AB, et al. , 2003) this indicates that the consumers are  looking for a less expensive alternative to the more expensive emergency room visit. There are a greater number of outpatient facilities in rural areas where there is less access to general practitioners and hospitals. The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act increased investments to the more needy areas where there is less access to healthcare facilities. (Senate, 2010)The 2010 reform act included grants and federal funding to higher education. (Stansfeild, Cross, Hui, 2012) The reason why the grants and funding is a reflection towards the utilization  is it expands the growth of newly educated healthcare workers. 4Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform Universal health care according to the World wide health organization (WHO) is abatable health care and services that will not cause financial burden to pay for care. (United Nations, 2014) Healthcare coverage in the United States was not reflective of what universal health care stands for. There are still many holes in the health care reform that is not satisfying the Americans need for better healthcare. There are still 45 million (Balaced Politics, 2014)of  uninsured Americans including immigrants. The lower middle class is still unable to afford the high deductibles and premiums costs for quality healthcare. The health care reform is attempting to close the gap between cost and coverage, in due time the issues may be resolved, as for now it is still not fully obtainable for all Americans to afford health insurance. Universal health care is to assist in the education and health of the people who do not have regular access to health care. (United Nations, 2014) The American Public Health Association has been pushing for universal healthcare for  years with not support from the government and general public. (Akhter, 2003 January) Many different Presidents and politicians of the Clinton administration also advocated for universal health care policies even putting in a proposal in 1993 which was later rejected. (Akhter, 2003 January) The low income and middle class are the people who would benefit greatly from having universal healthcare, that would make these people stakeholders in the push for universal healthcare. Emerging health care roles in health care are occupations that cost less and can produce similar results. These occupations are technician jobs or assistant positions. A pharmacy technician makes far less than a pharmacist but can do most of the work under a pharmacist saving a facility or pharmacy thousands a year. (Evans, 2014) Another emerging role is the medical assistant; this job can save the cost by replacing a registered nurse and a clinical 5Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform receptionist. A medical assistant is trained to preform office filing, billing and can take vitals and prep a patients for a physician’s office. Many of the emerging roles are due to the new healthcare  act; the costs have to be brought down to accommodate the changes in the Medicare and private insurance policies. Healthcare coordinators are also on the rise these jobs are to assist the elderly and disabled to find proper care. (Evans, 2014) As the baby boomer generation is reaching retirement and becoming older the need for more geriatric workers is growing the need for low cost qualified health care. In conclusion although the healthcare reform act has challenged the health care industry it has expanded healthcare by making preventative care more accessible to the lower and middle class  Americans. In addition it extended the inclusion of more prescriptions to Medicare/Medicaid. Enforced the insurance companies to not exclude the chronically ill or preexisting conditions; making insurance accessible to the people who need it the most. The utilization of access to care is not fully addressed in rural areas, but with the health care grants and funding toward education the hopes of the lack of health care workers will be addressed. As for now the United States is moving toward a better healthcare system, but it does not currently reflect the idea of universal  healthcare. Stakeholders for universal healthcare are the advocates towards equality and education. As stated emerging roles in healthcare are pushing toward more technical and assistant jobs that help reduce the cost of health care in accordance to the health care act. 6Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform References AB, B. , E, H. , AJ, M. , KF, A. , AB, S. , RB. , T. (2003). Health care in America:Trends in utilization. National Center for Health Statistics. Anderson, A. D. (2014). The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Health Care Workforce. Washington DC: The Heritage Foundation. Balaced Politics. (2014). Retrieved from Balaced politics. org: balancedpolitics. org/universal_health_care. htm Consumer Reports. (2013, March). Retrieved from Consumer Reports. org: consumerreports. org/cro/2012/06/update-on-health-care-reform/index. htm Evans, M. (2014, 09 20). Modern Healthcare/healthcare reform. Retrieved from Modern healthcare: modernhealthcare. com/article/20140920/MAGAZINE/309209980 Nunley, Fellows, W. H. (2008). Issues facing America: Underinsured patients. AAOS Now. Retrieved from American Academy of Othopedic Surgons. Nunley, M. , Fellows, W. H. (2008). Issues facing America: Underinsured patients. AAOS Now. Retrieved from American Academy of Othopedic Surgons. Stansfeild, P. S. , Cross, N. , Hui, N. (2012). Intoduction to Health Care Professions (Vol. 6th ). United Nations. (2014). World Health orginization. Retrieved from WHO: who. int/universal_health_coverage/en/ 7Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform Washington State Health Authratiy. (2014). Retrieved from WSA healthcare reform: hca. wa. gov/hcr/Pages/default. aspx